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Table 3 Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression examining the association of parent-child connectedness and covariates with marijuana use among the sample studied

From: Does parent-child connectedness influence substance use among Bhutanese adolescents: evidence from a national survey?

Study

Variables

Bivariate

Analysis

Multivariate Analysis

Model 1

Model 2

AOR (95% CI)

p-value

AOR (95% CI)

P–Value

AOR (95% CI)

P–Value

Explanatory Variable

      

   Parental Homework Supervision (Yes) ¥

0.682 [0.555 – 0.838]

0.001***

0.794 [0.653 – 0.965]

0.022*

0.849 [0.706–1.021]

0.080

   Parents Understand Problems (Yes) ¥

0.693 [0.580 – 0.829]

0.001***

0.832 [0.695 – 0.998]

0.047*

0.927 [0.748–1.148]

0.471

   Parental Free Time Supervision (Yes) ¥

0.563 [0.476 – 0.666]

0.001***

0.629 [0.525 – 0.755]

0.001***

0.871 [0.714–1.062]

0.163

Other Substance Use

      

   Alcohol (Yes) ¥

13.254 [10.494–16.740]

0.001***

  

6.911 [5.531–8.634]

0.001***

Socio-Demographics

      

Sex

      

   Female (ref.)

Ref.

   

Ref.

 

   Male

6.144 [4.869–7.754]

0.001***

  

3.859 [2.993–4.975]

0.001***

Age

      

   ≤13

Ref

   

Ref.

 

   14–16

2.034 [1.520–2.721]

   

1.713 [1.345–2.180]

0.001***

   ≥16

3.182 [2.328–4.350]

0.001***

  

2.104 [1.591–2.782]

0.001***

Socioemotional Distress

      

   No close friends (Yes) ¥

0.726 [0.544 – 0.970]

0.031*

  

0.827 [0.558 – 0.1.225]

0.329

   Anxiety (Yes) ¥

1.458 [1.125–1.889]

0.006**

  

1.034 [0.703–1.519]

0.861

   Bullied (Yes) ¥

1.115 [ 0.940–1.323]

0.201

  

0.666 [0.549 – 0.807]

0.001***

   Physically attacked (Yes) ¥

2.054 [1.707–2.471]

0.001***

  

1.057 [0.883–1.267]

0.530

   Physically Fight (Yes) ¥

3.136 [2.614–3.761]

0.001***

  

1.925 [1.620–2.288]

0.001***

Contextual Factors

      

   Peer Support (Yes) ¥

0.698 [0.592 – 0.824]

0.001***

  

0.758 [0.629 – 0.914]

0.005**

   Loneliness (Yes) ¥

1.287 [1.043–1.588]

0.020*

  

1.246 [0.933–1.664]

0.131

   Passive Smoking (Yes) ¥

8.293 [6.450–10.663]

0.001***

  

3.751 [2.958–4.757]

0.001***

   School Truancy (Yes) ¥

2.970 [2.561–3.445]

0.001***

  

1.726 [1.466–2.033]

0.001***

  1. Note *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001; AOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio. ¥ = Indicates Reference Category is NO
  2. Model 1: Crude Model (Explanatory variables)
  3. Model 2: Model 1 + Control variables (Other Substance Use + Sociodemographic, Socio-emotional Distress + Contextual Factors)
  4. All models were adjusted for the complex survey design, including sampling weights, clustering, and stratification
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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