Table 1 Summary of included studies (n=15)
Author /Year Country | Participant mean age (SD), Gender (% female) | Sample Size | Total retention rate | Time points data collection | Outcome(s) | Outcome(s) measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahessy 2016 [58] Ireland | 83.5 years (SD=4.9) 86% female | Int N 20 Con N 20 | 90% | Weekly for 12 weeks | Global cognition Quality of life | MMSE CSDD CBS |
Akanuma 2010 [59] Japan | 78.0 years (SD=4.9) 77–88% female | Int N 12 Con N 12 | - | 0, 3 months | Global function Depression Behavioural condition Metabolic function | MMSE GDS BRSE CT / MRI |
Dodge 2015 [60] USA | 80.5 years (SD=6.8) 75.9% female | Int 1 N 24 Con 1 N 25 Int 2 N 17 Con 2 N 17 | 100% | 0, 2, 12 weeks | Executive function Learning and memory Depression | Letter fluency (F, A, S), TMT‐A, TMT‐B, Category fluency (Animals), Stroop test Word list acquisition, Word list delayed recall, One, two back accuracy GDS-15 |
Gudex 2010 [61] Denmark | 82.3 years (SD=9.7) 68% female | Int N 171 Con N 177 | 68% | 0, 6, 12 months | Global cognition General functioning Agitated Behavior Quality of life | MMSE, SIB-S GBS CMAI ADRQoL |
Iizuka 2018 [62] Japan | 76.7 years (SD=4.5) 75% female | Int 1 N 27 Int 2 N 26 Con N 28 | 88.8% | 0, 12 weeks | Global cognition Wellbeing Visual working memory Verbal working memory Immediate/delayed memory recall Executive function | MMSE‐J, MoCA‐J WHO‐5‐J VMST DST LM I / LM II TMT‐A, TMT‐B, CF |
Meléndez-Moral 2013 [63] Spain | 79.8 years (SD=9.3) 83.3% female | Int N 17 Con N 17 | - | 0, 3 months | General cognition Depression Self-esteem Life satisfaction Well-being | MMSE GDS RSS/RSES PGCMS RS |
Mortimer 2012 [64] China | 69.5 years (SD=5.8) 66.6% female | Int 1 N 30 Int 2 N 30 Int 3 N 30 Con 1 N 30 | 89 % | 0, 20, 40 weeks | General cognition Executive function Confrontation naming Visual selective focused attention Visual memory Immediate & delayed memory Whole brain volume Number of steps | DRS CDT, Stroop Test (color-word), TMT‐A, TMT‐B, CFT, WAIS-R BNT Bell cancellation Test ROCF AVLT MRI Pedometer |
Nakatsuka 2015 [65] Japan | 81.5 years (SD=3.9) 54% female | Int 1 N 45 Int 2 N 38 Int 3 N 44 | 74.8 % | 0, 12 weeks | Global cognition Executive function Depression Wellbeing Physical ability Enjoyableness of the intervention | MMSE, CDR WF, TMT-A GDS QOL 6-meter walk time PRO |
Park 2014 [66] USA | 71.6 years (SD=7.3) 73.9% female | Int 1 N 29 Int 2 N 35 Int 3 N 42 Con 1 N 36 Con 2 N 39 Con 3 N 40 | 85% | 0, 12 weeks | Processing speed Mental control Episodic memory Visuospatial processing | Digit-comparison tasks with three, six, and nine items Cogstate Identification Flanker Center Letter, Arrow and Symbol tasks CANTAB (VRM) / HVLT (immediate, delayed) CANTAB (SWM), SPM |
Peña 2014 [67] Spain | 68.0 years (SD=6.4) 39% female | Int N 22 Con N 22 | 95% | 0, 3 months | Patients’ premorbid IQ Global cognition Parkinson’s disease Depression Neuropsychiatric symptoms Functional disability Apathy | TAP MMSE UPDRS GDS NPI-Q WHO-DAS II LARS |
Pitkala 2011 [68] Finland | 80.0 years (SD=3.6) 73.6% female | Int 1 N 24 Con 1 N 24 Int 2 N 46 Con 2 N 46 Int 3 N 47 Con 3 N 48 | 88% | 0, 3, 6, 12 months | Global cognition Depression | ADAS–Cog 15D |
Tanaka 2012 [69] Japan | 73.4 years (SD=4.9) 100% female | Int N 20 Con N 20 | 85% | 0, 4, 8 weeks | Global cognition Depression | MMSE GDS-15 |
Tesky 2011 [70] Germany | 72.0 years (SD=7.0) 73% female | Int 1 N 74 Int 2 N 56 Con N 78 | 78% | 1, 12, 32 weeks | Global cognition Executive function | MMSE / ADAS–Cog / CDR / SDS TMT |
Vidovich 2015 [71] Australia | 75.0 (SD=5.8) 43% female | Int N 80 Con N 80 | 80% | 0, 10, 52, 104 weeks | Global cognition Memory Attention Executive function | MMSE CAMCOG-R CVLT-II WAIS-R, COWAT |
Zimmermann 2014 [72] Brazil | 68.2 years (SD=3.8) - | Int N 10 Con N 10 | 70% | Weekly for 12 weeks | Depression Global cognition Attention Communication Executive function | GDS-15/ NEUPSILIN MMSE WAIS-III MCEB FDG–PET scans |