Table 1 Summary of intervention characteristics

Intervention Group Size (Analyzed)

 < 10

-

0

[39]

5

-

0

 10–24

[39]

14

[40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47]

38

[25, 48,49,50,51,52]

38

 25–49

[53,54,55,56,57]

71

[58,59,60,61,62]

24

[63,64,65,66,67]

31

 50–100

[68]

14

[69,70,71,72,73]

24

[74,75,76]

19

 > 100

-

0

[77, 78]

10

[79, 80]

13

Study Design

 RCT/CCT

[53,54,55,56,57, 68]

86

[42, 44, 45, 58, 59, 61, 62, 69,70,71,72,73, 78, 81]

67

[25, 49, 52, 66, 79, 80]

38

 Two group pre-post

[39]

14

[40, 43, 46, 60]

19

-

0

 Single group pre-post

-

0

[41, 47, 77]

14

[48, 50, 51, 63,64,65, 67, 74,75,76]

63

Program Duration

 < 1 week

[53]

14

-

0

[67, 74]

13

 1–3 weeks

-

0

[44, 46, 59, 61, 77, 81]

29

[64, 75]

13

 4–6 weeks

[39]

14

[62, 71,72,73]

19

[49, 51, 63, 79]

25

 7–9 weeks

[55, 57]

29

[40,41,42,43, 45, 47, 60, 69, 70, 78]

48

[52, 66, 80]

19

 > 10 weeks

[54, 56, 68]

43

[58]

5

[25, 48, 50, 65, 76]

31

Program Duration

 Group

[39, 54, 55]

43

[42, 45, 60, 69, 70, 73, 77]

33

[25, 49,50,51, 64, 65, 79]

44

 Individual

[53, 56]

29

[44, 46, 47, 58, 59, 61, 62, 71, 78, 81]

48

[63, 66, 67]

19

 Combined setting

[57, 68]

29

[40, 41, 43, 72]

19

[48, 52, 74,75,76, 80]

38

 eHealth/mHealth component

[53, 56]

29

[40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 58, 59, 62, 71, 73, 78, 81]

57

[48, 51, 63, 66, 67, 76]

38

39Mindfulness Practice

 Formal

[53, 55, 57]

43

[40,41,42,43,44, 60, 62, 71, 73, 81]

48

[52, 66, 67]

19

 Informal

-

0

[61, 69]

10

[50, 79]

13

 Formal & informal

[39, 54, 68]

43

[45, 58, 59, 70, 72, 77]

29

[25, 48, 49, 63,64,65, 74,75,76, 80]

63

 Unclear

[56]

14

[46, 47, 78]

14

[51]

6

Meditation Cluster

 Affect-centered meditation

[39, 68]

29

[40, 45, 58]

14

[25, 50, 66]

19

 Body-centered meditation

[54, 55, 57, 68]

57

[40,41,42,43,44, 47, 58,59,60,61, 69,70,71,72,73, 81]

76

[25, 48, 49, 52, 63,64,65,66,67, 74, 75, 79, 80]

81

 Contemplation

[55]

14

-

0

-

0

 Mantra meditation

-

[40]

5

-

0

 Meditation with movement

[54, 56]

29

[43, 45, 47, 58,59,60, 69, 70, 72, 77]

48

[25, 49, 50, 52, 63,64,65, 74, 75, 80]

63

 Mindful observation

[54, 57, 68]

43

[40, 44, 45, 58, 59, 70, 71, 73, 77]

43

[25, 63, 76, 79]

25

 Visual concentration

[53]

14

-

0

-

0

 Unclear

[56]

14

[46, 62, 78]

14

[51]

6

BCT Clusters

 Shaping knowledge

[56, 68]

29

[41, 43, 58,59,60,61, 70, 78]

38

[25, 48,49,50,51, 64, 65, 74]

50

 Repetition and substitution

[39]

14

[60]

5

[48, 50, 51, 64, 65, 80]

38

 Regulation

[39, 54, 55, 57]

57

[40, 60, 69, 81]

19

[48, 49, 66]

19

 Feedback and monitoring

[56]

14

[41, 43,44,45, 72, 78]

29

[25, 50, 51]

19

 Goals & planning

[56, 68]

29

[41, 43, 69, 78]

19

[25, 50, 76, 80]

25

 Associations

[39, 53]

29

[61, 71]

10

-

0

 Self-belief

-

0

[41]

5

[25]

6

 Social support

-

0

[41, 43]

10

[25, 51, 64, 80]

25

 Identity

-

0

-

0

[80]

6